(Mandarin_(Taiwan)_MFA_dictionary_v2_0_0a)= # Mandarin (Taiwan) MFA dictionary v2.0.0a ``````{dictionary} Mandarin (Taiwan) MFA dictionary v2.0.0a :id: "Mandarin (Taiwan) MFA dictionary v2_0_0a" :tags: Mandarin;MFA;IPA :language: "Mandarin" :dialect: Taiwan :layout: mfa :template: dictionary_template :phoneset: "MFA" :license: "CC BY 4.0" ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/mandarin/taiwan_mfa/v2.0.0a/README.md :start-after: "## Dictionary details" :end-before: "## Installation" ``` `````` ```{include} ../../../../dictionary/mandarin/taiwan_mfa/v2.0.0a/README.md :start-after: "new)." ``` ## IPA Charts ### Consonants Obstruent symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unvoiced and those to the right are voiced. ``````{list-table} :header-rows: 1 :stub-columns: 1 :class: consonant_chart table-striped table-bordered * - Manner - Labial - Labiodental - Alveolar - Retroflex - Palatal - Velar - Glottal * - {manner}`Nasal` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * m * Occurrences: 7123 * Examples * 末班車: [m w o ˥ ˩ p a ˥ ˥ n ʈ ʂ ʰ o ˥ ˥] * 孟高棉語族: [m o ˥ ˩ ŋ k a w ˥ ˥ m j e ˧ ˥ n y ˨ ˩ ˦ t s u ˧ ˥] * 默突捨拉: [m w o ˥ ˩ t ʰ u ˥ ˥ ʂ o ˥ ˩ l a ˥ ˥] * 摩羯座: [m w o ˧ ˥ t ɕ j e ˧ ˥ t s w o ˥ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * n * Occurrences: 39355 * Examples * 討價還價: [t ʰ a w ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ j a ˥ ˩ x w a ˧ ˥ n t ɕ j a ˥ ˩] * 密涅瓦: [m i ˥ ˩ n j e ˥ ˩ w a ˨ ˩ ˦] * 按乃近: [ʔ a ˥ ˩ n n a j ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ i ˥ ˩ n] * 排水管: [p ʰ a j ˧ ˥ ʂ w e j ˨ ˩ ˦ k w a ˨ ˩ ˦ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ŋ * Occurrences: 30593 * Examples * 金融工程: [t ɕ i ˥ ˥ n ʐ u ˧ ˥ ŋ k u ˥ ˥ ŋ ʈ ʂ ʰ o ˧ ˥ ŋ] * 中子數: [ʈ ʂ u ˥ ˥ ŋ t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ʂ u ˥ ˩] * 女大不中留: [n y ˨ ˩ ˦ t a ˥ ˩ p u ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ u ˥ ˥ ŋ l j o w ˧ ˥] * 老人星: [l a w ˨ ˩ ˦ ʐ ə ˧ ˥ n ɕ i ˥ ˥ ŋ] * ŋ̍ * Occurrences: 2 * Examples ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Stop` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * p * Occurrences: 9394 * Examples * 領導班子: [l i ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ t a w ˨ ˩ ˦ p a ˥ ˥ n t s z ̩ ˨] * 伊豆半島: [i ˥ ˥ t o w ˥ ˩ p a ˥ ˩ n t a w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 背靠背: [p e j ˥ ˩ k ʰ a w ˥ ˩ p e j ˥ ˩] * 被害人: [p e j ˥ ˩ x a j ˥ ˩ ʐ ə ˧ ˥ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * t * Occurrences: 11105 * Examples * 撒迦利亞書: [s a ˥ ˥ t ɕ j a ˥ ˥ l i ˥ ˩ j a ˥ ˩ ʂ u ˥ ˥] * 不得不: [p u ˥ ˩ t o ˧ ˥ p u ˥ ˩] * 瓦根基: [w a ˨ ˩ ˦ k ə ˥ ˥ n t ɕ i ˥ ˥] * 羅盤座: [l w o ˧ ˥ p ʰ a ˧ ˥ n t s w o ˥ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * k * Occurrences: 8190 * Examples * 格林多: [k o ˧ ˥ l i ˧ ˥ n t w o ˥ ˥] * 老閨女: [l a w ˨ ˩ ˦ k w e j ˥ ˥ n y ˨] * 尤剋裏裏: [j o w ˧ ˥ k ʰ o ˥ ˩ l i ˨ ˩ ˦ l i ˨ ˩ ˦] * 兵工廠: [p i ˥ ˥ ŋ k u ˥ ˥ ŋ ʈ ʂ ʰ a ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ʔ * Occurrences: 3525 * Examples * 耳鼻喉科: [ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ p i ˧ ˥ x o w ˧ ˥ k ʰ o ˥ ˥] * 澳洲堅果: [ʔ a w ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ o w ˥ ˥ t ɕ j e ˥ ˥ n k w o ˨ ˩ ˦] * 田二河: [t ʰ j e ˧ ˥ n ʔ o ˥ ˩ ɻ x o ˧ ˥] * 維吾爾語: [w e j ˧ ˥ u ˧ ˥ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ y ˨ ˩ ˦] ``` * - {manner}`Affricate` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ts * Occurrences: 5019 * Examples * 馬販子: [m a ˨ ˩ ˦ f a ˥ ˩ n t s z ̩ ˩] * 草根性: [t s ʰ a w ˨ ˩ ˦ k ə ˥ ˥ n ɕ i ˥ ˩ ŋ] * 藥材鋪: [j a w ˥ ˩ t s ʰ a j ˧ ˥ p ʰ u ˥ ˩] * 政策性: [ʈ ʂ o ˥ ˩ ŋ t s ʰ o ˥ ˩ ɕ i ˥ ˩ ŋ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ʈʂ * Occurrences: 9480 * Examples * 巴拿馬城: [p a ˥ ˥ n a ˧ ˥ m a ˨ ˩ ˦ ʈ ʂ ʰ o ˧ ˥ ŋ] * 疑難雜癥: [i ˧ ˥ n a ˧ ˥ n t s a ˧ ˥ ʈ ʂ o ˥ ˩ ŋ] * 主持人: [ʈ ʂ u ˨ ˩ ˦ ʈ ʂ ʰ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ ʐ ə ˧ ˥ n] * 日常生活: [ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ ʰ a ˧ ˥ ŋ ʂ o ˥ ˥ ŋ x w o ˧ ˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * tɕ * Occurrences: 13315 * Examples * 五方旗幟: [u ˨ ˩ ˦ f a ˥ ˥ ŋ t ɕ ʰ i ˧ ˥ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩] * 商業區: [ʂ a ˥ ˥ ŋ j e ˥ ˩ t ɕ ʰ y ˥ ˥] * 微積分: [w e j ˥ ˥ t ɕ i ˥ ˥ f ə ˥ ˥ n] * 滅火器: [m j e ˥ ˩ x w o ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Sibilant` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * s * Occurrences: 4845 * Examples * 四季豆: [s z ̩ ˥ ˩ t ɕ i ˥ ˩ t o w ˥ ˩] * 勒剋斯: [l o ˥ ˩ k ʰ o ˥ ˩ s z ̩ ˥ ˥] * 三七仔: [s a ˥ ˥ n t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˥ t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦] * 黃大仙祠: [x w a ˧ ˥ ŋ t a ˥ ˩ ɕ j e ˥ ˥ n t s ʰ z ̩ ˧ ˥] * voiced * z * Occurrences: 0 * Examples * 俄羅斯: [ʔ o ˧ ˥ l w o ˧ ˥ s z ̩ ˥ ˥] * 死巷子: [s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ɕ j a ˥ ˩ ŋ t s z ̩ ˩] * 自限性: [t s z ̩ ˥ ˩ ɕ j e ˥ ˩ n ɕ i ˥ ˩ ŋ] * 龜茲語: [t ɕ ʰ j o w ˥ ˥ t s ʰ z ̩ ˧ ˥ y ˨ ˩ ˦] * z̩ * Occurrences: 4197 * Examples * 電子束: [t j e ˥ ˩ n t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ʂ u ˥ ˩] * 梨園子弟: [l i ˧ ˥ ɥ e ˧ ˥ n t s z ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ t i ˥ ˩] * 斯蒂芬: [s z ̩ ˥ ˥ t i ˥ ˩ f ə ˥ ˥ n] * 腳腕子: [t ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ w a ˥ ˩ n t s z ̩ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ʂ * Occurrences: 12099 * Examples * 非洲聯盟: [f e j ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ o w ˥ ˥ l j e ˧ ˥ n m o ˧ ˥ ŋ] * 帳前吏: [ʈ ʂ a ˥ ˩ ŋ t ɕ ʰ j e ˧ ˥ n l i ˥ ˩] * 六十三: [l j o w ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ s a ˥ ˥ n] * 萬人塚: [w a ˥ ˩ n ʐ ə ˧ ˥ n ʈ ʂ u ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ] * voiced * ʐ * Occurrences: 2754 * Examples * 十一日: [ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ i ˥ ˥ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩] * 二十六日: [ʔ o ˥ ˩ ɻ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ l j o w ˥ ˩ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩] * 二十四史: [ʔ o ˥ ˩ ɻ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ s z ̩ ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦] * 均值定理: [t ɕ y ˥ ˥ n ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ t i ˥ ˩ ŋ l i ˨ ˩ ˦] * ʐ̩ * Occurrences: 7088 * Examples * 原教旨主義: [ɥ e ˧ ˥ n t ɕ j a w ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˨ ˩ ˦ ʈ ʂ u ˨ ˩ ˦ i ˥ ˩] * 電氣石: [t j e ˥ ˩ n t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥] * 結婚戒指: [t ɕ j e ˧ ˥ x w ə ˥ ˥ n t ɕ j e ˥ ˩ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˩] * 食肉目: [ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ ʐ o w ˥ ˩ m u ˥ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * ɕ * Occurrences: 11482 * Examples * 舞陽君: [u ˨ ˩ ˦ j a ˧ ˥ ŋ t ɕ y ˥ ˥ n] * 傳國璽: [ʈ ʂ ʰ w a ˧ ˥ n k w o ˧ ˥ ɕ i ˨ ˩ ˦] * 科西嘉島: [k ʰ o ˥ ˥ ɕ i ˥ ˥ t ɕ j a ˥ ˥ t a w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 羚羊角: [l i ˧ ˥ ŋ j a ˧ ˥ ŋ t ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Fricative` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * voiceless * f * Occurrences: 5914 * Examples * 番茄汁: [f a ˥ ˥ n t ɕ ʰ j e ˧ ˥ ʈ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˥] * 花粉癥: [x w a ˥ ˥ f ə ˨ ˩ ˦ n ʈ ʂ o ˥ ˩ ŋ] * 自由放任: [t s z ̩ ˥ ˩ j o w ˧ ˥ f a ˥ ˩ ŋ ʐ ə ˥ ˩ n] * 東方紅: [t u ˥ ˥ ŋ f a ˥ ˥ ŋ x u ˧ ˥ ŋ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Approximant` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * w * Occurrences: 22330 * Examples * 錫剋教: [ɕ i ˥ ˥ k ʰ o ˥ ˩ t ɕ j a w ˥ ˩] * 從小到大: [t s ʰ u ˧ ˥ ŋ ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ t a w ˥ ˩ t a ˥ ˩] * 密爾瓦基: [m i ˥ ˩ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ w a ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ i ˥ ˥] * 管弦樂隊: [k w a ˨ ˩ ˦ n ɕ j e ˧ ˥ n ɥ e ˥ ˩ t w e j ˥ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * ɻ * Occurrences: 1436 * Examples * 一邊兒: [i ˥ ˥ p j a ˥ ˥ ɻ] * 土耳其文: [t ʰ u ˨ ˩ ˦ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ t ɕ ʰ i ˧ ˥ w ə ˧ ˥ n] * 達斡爾族: [t a ˧ ˥ w o ˥ ˩ ʔ o ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ t s u ˧ ˥] * 模特兒: [m w o ˧ ˥ t ʰ o ˥ ˩ ɻ] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * j * Occurrences: 27517 * Examples * 列王記: [l j e ˥ ˩ w a ˧ ˥ ŋ t ɕ i ˥ ˩] * 小溪河: [ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ ɕ i ˥ ˥ x o ˧ ˥] * 雅各伯: [j a ˨ ˩ ˦ k o ˥ ˩ p w o ˧ ˥] * 三級片: [s a ˥ ˥ n t ɕ i ˧ ˥ p ʰ j e ˥ ˩ n] * ɥ * Occurrences: 4301 * Examples * 月見草: [ɥ e ˥ ˩ t ɕ j e ˥ ˩ n t s ʰ a w ˨ ˩ ˦] * 瑞士捲: [ʐ w e j ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩ t ɕ ɥ e ˨ ˩ ˦ n] * 委麯求全: [w e j ˨ ˩ ˦ t ɕ ʰ y ˥ ˥ t ɕ ʰ j o w ˧ ˥ t ɕ ʰ ɥ e ˧ ˥ n] * 齣納員: [ʈ ʂ ʰ u ˥ ˥ n a ˥ ˩ ɥ e ˧ ˥ n] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - {manner}`Lateral` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * other * l * Occurrences: 11757 * Examples * 石榴皮: [ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥ l j o w ˧ ˥ p ʰ i ˧ ˥] * 拉巴特: [l a ˥ ˥ p a ˥ ˥ t ʰ o ˥ ˩] * 大墩路: [t a ˥ ˩ t w ə ˥ ˥ n l u ˥ ˩] * 伊利亞特: [i ˥ ˥ l i ˥ ˩ j a ˥ ˩ t ʰ o ˥ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` `````` ### Vowels Vowel symbols to the left of {fas}`circle;ipa-dot` are unrounded and those to the right are rounded. ``````{list-table} :header-rows: 1 :stub-columns: 1 :class: vowel_chart table-striped table-bordered * - - Front - Near-Front - Central - Near-Back - Back * - Close - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * i * Occurrences: 28825 * Examples * 精密度: [t ɕ i ˥ ˥ ŋ m i ˥ ˩ t u ˥ ˩] * 比利時: [p i ˨ ˩ ˦ l i ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˧ ˥] * 土地爺: [t ʰ u ˨ ˩ ˦ t i ˦ j e ˧ ˥] * 釘書機: [t i ˥ ˩ ŋ ʂ u ˥ ˥ t ɕ i ˥ ˥] * rounded * y * Occurrences: 5781 * Examples * 莙薘菜: [t ɕ y ˥ ˩ n t a ˧ ˥ t s ʰ a j ˥ ˩] * 喜歌劇: [ɕ i ˨ ˩ ˦ k o ˥ ˥ t ɕ y ˥ ˩] * 堯舜禹湯: [j a w ˧ ˥ ʂ w ə ˥ ˩ n y ˨ ˩ ˦ t ʰ a ˥ ˥ ŋ] * 瑞士軍官刀: [ʐ w e j ˥ ˩ ʂ ʐ ̩ ˥ ˩ t ɕ y ˥ ˥ n k w a ˥ ˥ n t a w ˥ ˥] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * rounded * u * Occurrences: 22774 * Examples * 奧卡姆剃刀: [ʔ a w ˥ ˩ k ʰ a ˨ ˩ ˦ m u ˨ ˩ ˦ t ʰ i ˥ ˩ t a w ˥ ˥] * 一股腦兒: [i ˥ ˥ k u ˨ ˩ ˦ n a w ˨ ˩ ˦ ɻ] * 保不定: [p a w ˨ ˩ ˦ p u ˦ t i ˥ ˩ ŋ] * 常陸大宮: [ʈ ʂ ʰ a ˧ ˥ ŋ l u ˥ ˩ t a ˥ ˩ k u ˥ ˥ ŋ] ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Close-Mid - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * e * Occurrences: 16209 * Examples * 導盲犬: [t a w ˨ ˩ ˦ m a ˧ ˥ ŋ t ɕ ʰ ɥ e ˨ ˩ ˦ n] * 煙油子: [j e ˥ ˥ n j o w ˧ ˥ t s z ̩ ˨] * 立足點: [l i ˥ ˩ t s u ˧ ˥ t j e ˨ ˩ ˦ n] * 大少爺: [t a ˥ ˩ ʂ a w ˥ ˩ j e ˩] * ej * Occurrences: 7740 * Examples * 氣纍脖兒: [t ɕ ʰ i ˥ ˩ l e j ˩ p w o ˧ ˥ ɻ] * 水力劈裂: [ʂ w e j ˨ ˩ ˦ l i ˥ ˩ p ʰ i ˥ ˥ l j e ˥ ˩] * 迴報率: [x w e j ˧ ˥ p a w ˥ ˩ l y ˥ ˩] * 對談者: [t w e j ˥ ˩ t ʰ a ˧ ˥ n ʈ ʂ o ˨ ˩ ˦] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * rounded * o * Occurrences: 19963 * Examples * 火車頭: [x w o ˨ ˩ ˦ ʈ ʂ ʰ o ˥ ˥ t ʰ o w ˧ ˥] * 糯稻根: [n w o ˥ ˩ t a w ˥ ˩ k ə ˥ ˥ n] * 走後門兒: [t s o w ˨ ˩ ˦ x o w ˥ ˩ m ə ˧ ˥ ɻ] * 小老婆: [ɕ j a w ˨ ˩ ˦ l a w ˨ ˩ ˦ p ʰ w o ˦] * ow * Occurrences: 7993 * Examples * 木頭人: [m u ˥ ˩ t ʰ o w ˩ ʐ ə ˧ ˥ n] * 陳傢樓: [ʈ ʂ ʰ ə ˧ ˥ n t ɕ j a ˥ ˥ l o w ˧ ˥] * 井字遊戲: [t ɕ i ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ t s z ̩ ˥ ˩ j o w ˧ ˥ ɕ i ˥ ˩] * 修正液: [ɕ j o w ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ o ˥ ˩ ŋ j e ˥ ˩] ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * ə * Occurrences: 7352 * Examples * 四輪驅動: [s z ̩ ˥ ˩ l w ə ˧ ˥ n t ɕ ʰ y ˥ ˥ t u ˥ ˩ ŋ] * 溫布頓: [w ə ˥ ˥ n p u ˥ ˩ t w ə ˥ ˩ n] * 人情味: [ʐ ə ˧ ˥ n t ɕ ʰ i ˧ ˥ ŋ w e j ˥ ˩] * 婚紗照: [x w ə ˥ ˥ n ʂ a ˥ ˥ ʈ ʂ a w ˥ ˩] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Open-Mid - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` * - Open - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} * unrounded * a * Occurrences: 36307 * Examples * 工商界: [k u ˥ ˥ ŋ ʂ a ˥ ˥ ŋ t ɕ j e ˥ ˩] * 恍然大悟: [x w a ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ ʐ a ˧ ˥ n t a ˥ ˩ u ˥ ˩] * 皇阿瑪: [x w a ˧ ˥ ŋ ʔ a ˥ ˩ m a ˩] * 香港仔: [ɕ j a ˥ ˥ ŋ k a ˨ ˩ ˦ ŋ t s a j ˨ ˩ ˦] ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` - ```{ipa_cell} ``` `````` #### Diphthongs * {ipa_inline}`aj` * {ipa_inline}`aw` * {ipa_inline}`ej` * {ipa_inline}`ow` #### Tones * {ipa_inline}`˥˥` * {ipa_inline}`˥˩` * {ipa_inline}`˦` * {ipa_inline}`˧˥` * {ipa_inline}`˨` * {ipa_inline}`˨˩˦` * {ipa_inline}`˩`